Introduction Urban studies thinkers consider citizens' participation as one of the infrastructures for increasing in the capabilities of urban management. In order to citizens' participation to be meaningful and express the main concept of participation, it must be on a local scale and then reach the transnational arena. Neighborhoods, as the most fundamental elements of cities, have a special place in shaping and organizing the affairs of Tehran. With the establishment of the Pahlavi government and the effort to modernize Iran and the growth and increase in the population of cities, the traditional structures of urban life, including neighborhoods, underwent a transformation. The Law of City Associations was approved before the revolution, but it took many years to pay attention to neighborhood life again with the formation and implementation of the city's Islamic councils in 1998. In recent years, the neighborhood has been defined as the center of concentration and connection of urban services - people and municipality - in the smallest structural area of Tehran municipality. This center was chosen in such a way that all the possible capacities of the municipality can be delegated to it, and at the same time, concrete and objective participation of the citizens was directed to it in all areas that can be participated in, and new and up-to-date functions were defined for it. New social theories consider women's participation in sustainable development processes to be essential, and since the field of women's activity is traditionally wider in the fields of family and neighborhood, the local administration has envisioned a special role for women in city affairs and implemented special programs to improve their quality of life. In an environmental approach, women have the ability to play a greater role as leaders or active participants in smaller communities such as urban neighborhoods. It can be said that women play an essential role in local social cohesion. This type of connection is especially necessary to achieve social planning and successful management in multicultural societies. Because experience has shown that women pay attention to the dimensions of the needs of all groups in society and are not limited to the views and desires of powerful and effective members of society and often seek to create bridges over social, cultural and racial divisions as well as incompatibilities in society. That society will lead to a better life. Research findings Based on this, the current research tries to investigate the effect of local women's participation in the programs of active organizations (Serai Mahlah) on improving their quality of life. Angeh, Homayun Shahr and Aqdasiye neighborhoods were introduced and selected as examples by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters because of their active role in this matter. In the current research, a survey method was used with the two goals of description and explanation. At the level of description, the goal is to provide information on the level of participation of women in the administration of neighborhood affairs, and at the level of explanation and analysis, the goal is to find the existence or non-existence of a relationship between independent and dependent variables. At the same time, it has been used to compile the theoretical foundations and review previous researches in a documentary (library) way. The statistical population of the research is made up of the women of Tehran's active neighborhoods in the field of participation in the administration of city affairs, and on this basis, two groups of active and inactive women were selected from among the women of these neighborhoods and investigated. In this research, the sample size is 240 tons, which was determined based on Cochran's formula, which is divided into two parts (124 active tons and 116 inactive tons). In the sampling method, there are two important reasons for choosing the neighborhood center, one is that the manager of the neighborhood is a woman, and the other is the introduction by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters as the most active centers in the neighborhoods of Tehran, which are Angeh, Homayoun Shahr, and Aqdasiyeh neighborhoods. Available sampling method was used to select local activists and random sampling method was used for inactive people. A questionnaire was used to collect information. After verifying its validity and reliability in the preliminary stages of the research, the questionnaire was used to collect the required data in the final stage. The results obtained from this research show that the existence of the neighborhood management institution shows that the participation of citizens is recognized as a necessity and need for collective life, and women are not excluded from this as citizens of the society. Sarai Mahalat is active as one of the sub-institutions of neighborhood management, and the use of the services provided in it can have a significant impact on improving the quality of life of women in various dimensions, and the officials are required to provide the necessary conditions to create the necessary infrastructure and facilities in this regard. On the other hand, they should create the necessary motivation in women in different ways so that they also become eager to participate in local affairs (various aspects), because compared to men, women devote more time to work inside and around the house (local area), so they have deeper experiences, knowledge and insight to build the environment around them. According to Arnstein and Hannah Arendt, if women can have an active participation in the administration of local affairs and not just a theatrical participation, they can actualize and realize their potential talents in various fields. It seems that if the participation of women at the local level has positive results (as the results of this research confirm this), it will lead to this fact that women are encouraged to participate at higher levels of society, which will facilitate the development of the country. Conclusions In the present study, the impact of the use of services provided in Sarai Mahalat on the quality of life of service users was investigated in different dimensions. At first, the presence or absence of a relationship was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which confirmed the existence of a relationship between women's local participation and the improvement of their quality of life in different dimensions. In the following, the difference between the average scores of the group that used the services and the group that did not use the services was investigated using the T-test, and according to the obtained scores, the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. After that, two-dimensional tables were used to clarify the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The results of these tables show that the intensity of the relationship between local participation with the quality of life and physical health is greater than the intensity of its relationship with economic empowerment.

Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

Background and Purpose: Nowadays, special attention has been paid to the preschool period, its lasting effects in all stages of life and the education of parents, especially mothers under 6 years old, in line with the positive changes and developments that occur in children. This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of a mother's psychological empowerment on children's behavioral problems and self-esteem. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with experimental and control groups. The research population consisted of mothers with children aged 4 to 6 years in Isfahan city in 2021, 30 of them were selected in the convenience method and were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received the mother's empowerment package for 10 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention during the research. The participants of both groups completed questionnaires of behavioral problems (Shahim and Yousefi, 2018) and self-esteem (Azizi Moghadam, 2018) in three stages. The data were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements in SPSS-23 software. Results: The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance statistical method showed that the mother's empowerment program on behavioral problems (eta= 0. 352, p< 0. 001) and child's self-esteem (eta = 0. 278, 0. 001) p>) had a significant effect and the effectiveness of the training package remained in the follow-up stage (p>0. 001). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of the mother's psychological empowerment package training on children's behavioral problems and self-esteem, attention to this type of training is suggested to mothers, preschool centers, psychotherapists, and counselors in the field of child counseling and choosing the type of intervention for training parents.

AbstractIntroduction: The purpose of this research is to present a model for empowering women in the judiciary Methods: Qualitative research method is grounded theory type. After interviewing 21 women who met the research criteria, the interviews were reviewed, organized and coded in three stages, open, central and selective, and the results of the research were divided into four general categories: "causal conditions", "contextual conditions". ", "intervening conditions" and "individual, social and organizational consequences" were divided, and finally, the model of empowering women in the judiciary was drawn. Reliability was done with the triangulation technique and validity was done using the member confirmation technique and discrepant items, which indicated the validity of the research results.Findings: The findings of the research show that Empowerment of women is influenced by individual, organizational and extra-organizational factors, and by strengthening these factors, it is possible to improve their self-confidence and self-esteem, their job satisfaction, and the trust of organizational managers in using the capacity and abilities of women and the belief of other women in the existence of a meritocracy system in The organization created a sense of belonging and organizational commitment, and the effective use of the capacity and capabilities of half of the country's population changed the society's attitude towards women's capabilities.The results: The most important component in all components of women's empowerment is the component of acquiring job knowledge. It seems that by increasing women's job knowledge, they can be empowered to take on management jobs

Objective Leadership has consistently been recognized as a fundamental element in any group of individuals, playing a critical role whether in defining their roles within society or within the structural confines of an organization. Effective leadership within an organization is crucial for steering its members toward the attainment of established goals and upholding the values defined by the organization. Leadership is extensively defined as the ability to significantly alter the values, beliefs, and attitudes of people, primarily exerting this influence through persuasive and strategic interactions. A crucial aspect of effective leadership involves strategically shaping the mental models of individuals to ensure alignment with the organization’s objectives and foundational values. In today’s era, which is characterized by a remarkably rapid pace of information transmission, distinguishing between good and bad decisions becomes particularly challenging, especially in the face of ongoing crises and environmental changes that introduce significant complexity to the process of sense-making. Indeed, in many scenarios, an individual’s perception of reality can hold more significant implications than reality itself. This research initiative was undertaken with the aim of exploring how the sense-making process can significantly enhance leadership capabilities through the systematic deployment of behavioral scripts and cognitive scripts. Methods Considering the limited resources available in this specific area of study, the grounded theory approach was adopted. This research is firmly grounded in an interpretive paradigm and is classified under qualitative methodologies, employing an inductive approach that also incorporated a retrospective analysis to deepen the understanding of the underlying themes. In this extensive study, a total of 111 randomly selected groups operating at various organizational levels within companies active in the pharmaceutical industry were meticulously examined to gather a broad spectrum of insights. Results The evaluation of leadership effectiveness is predominantly conducted through a detailed analysis of a leader’s followers; hence, interviews were strategically conducted with groups at different organizational levels, always involving the presence of the group leader and at least two of his or her followers. Following the meticulous collection of data, the responses were carefully coded, rigorously analyzed, and the insightful findings subsequently implemented. The thorough analysis revealed eight distinct components of cognitive scripts and four components of behavioral scripts that play significant roles in the sense-making process, thereby facilitating effective leadership empowerment. Conclusion The in-depth insights derived from the interviews and the subsequent coding processes demonstrated that effective sense-making, significantly augmented by the strategic use of behavioral scripts and cognitive scripts, profoundly improves the mental models within an organization, leading to enhanced leadership empowerment. This empowerment equips leaders and their followers to exhibit optimal responses in their roles when confronted with crises, changes, and decisions that are impending, thereby aligning effectively with the strategic goals of the organization. The intricate process of enhancing the mental model, which is crucial for the cultivation of effective leadership, is achieved through diligent and methodical sense-making that respects and incorporates the core values of the organization

The aim of this study was to design a model for empowering managers in the banking industry based on a mixed study with a descriptive-exploratory approach. The statistical population of the study included academic experts as well as senior managers of the Central Bank (such as board members, managers, heads of departments and senior experts in the central bank). The statistical sample up to the theoretical saturation stage of the data was selected by 15 people in a purposeful judgment method. Data collection tools in this study include a semi-structured interview and a basic expert questionnaire that the validity of the measurement tools was confirmed by the content method and the reliability of the interview was confirmed by the open test method. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part by thematic analysis method and in the quantitative part by soft structuralinterpretive modeling (ISM) method. The results of content analysis led to the identification of themes and categories related to the empowerment of managers in the banking industry. Also in the second part, based on the identified themes and categories and using soft structural-interpretive modeling method, a model for empowering managers in the banking industry was designed, which was presented at five levels and includes major categories such as "structural enablers", "Are "managerial empowerments", "knowledge empowerments", "motivational empowerments", "empowering actors", "psychological empowerment", "behavioral empowerment", and "behavioral consequences".

Background & aim: One of the major problems related to maternal and neonatal Health in adolescent pregnant mothers is the low level of pregnancy empowerment. It seems that using cognitive-behavioral counseling approaches can help women to further strengthen their empowerment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on empowerment of pregnant women under 18 years old. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed in 2020-2021 on64 pregnant women aged under 18 years referred to health care centers of Khaf, Iran. Participants were randomly allocated to two groups of intervention (n=32) and control (n=32). In the intervention group, cognitive-behavioral counseling was performed in the groups with seven members during 6 sessions (two 120-minute sessions per week for three weeks). The control group received the routine care. The research tool was Kameda and Shimada Empowerment Scale for Pregnant Women(ESPW). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Results: In the pre-intervention stage, there was no significant difference between the mean empowerment scores in the two groups of intervention (73. 87 ±,8. 95) and control (72. 78±, 7. 36) (P=0. 59). However, in the post-intervention stage, the mean empowerment score in the intervention group (84. 25±, 6. 13) was significantly higher compared to the control group (74. 44±, 9. 24) (P=0. 001). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral counseling was effective in improving the empowerment of pregnant women under 18 years of age participating in the present study.